Bee’s sting is not usually considered a big deal that requests medical care. People may develop some mild symptoms such as swelling, itching, redness, and warmth with no severe risks.

However, it is not always the same matter. It can be life-threatening especially for those who have been stung multiple times.

First aid for bee stings

In case of being stung by a bee during a walk, calm down, do not panic, and follow these instructions;

• leave that place to prevent any potential bites. Honeybees die after stinging, other types like wasps and hornets do not die after stinging.
• Remove the sting by sliding your fingernail across it or using a credit card, rather than pulling at it. The longer the stinger stays in your skin, the more venom it will release.
• Try to clean that area with soap and water.
• Apply ice or cold compress to reduce the swelling and pain.
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers as acetaminophen to alleviate the pain that occurs after stings.

Bees sting emergency cases

It is a must to pay attention to anyone who has been stung especially in the case of a child. They might have allergic reactions to the bee stings.

So if breathing difficulty, nausea, hives, dizziness, or swelling in other body parts, they are an alert to anaphylactic shock hazards.

In these cases, call your local emergency services.

You should also seek a doctor’s help if you’ve been stung multiple times or if If you used your EpiPen in response to the sting.

Precautions to avoid insects bites

To prevent stings from bees, wasps, yellow jackets, and hornets:

• Avoid wearing bright-colored clothing with flowery prints.
• Do not disturb
• Keep your windows closed during driving.
• Don’t drink from open soda cans.
• Don’t wear sweet-smelling perfume, hair products, or body products as bees will investigate a human if you resemble a flower.
• If caught in or near a swarm of bees, move away with slow movements.

Resources

Bees sting treatment

How to avoid bees?

Bee’s stings

Written by  Dr/ Naglaa Moustafa

Both first aid kit items and a trained person can be a turning point in whole family life. Particularly the number of accidents occurring per one day is not minor.

First aid kit items

First aid kit items are life-saving in emergency cases until the medical supply is provided. So there should be a suitable container containing the following items either in your car, house, company, or store:

Large safety pins

It is a pin that is usually made of stainless steel. Before using it, make sure it is sterile by using alcohol or flame to avoid infection.

The safety pin is used to fix bandages and remove slivers from the victim’s wound. And in case of blisters, it can be used to drain fluids.

Gauze pad

It is used in continuous bleeding until suitable care is provided. Before using the pads, make sure that your hands are clean and preferably wear gloves to avoid contamination and infection.

Then put it covering all the wound area without touching the part of the pad that will be in direct content with the injury. A Roller bandage or adhesive tape can be used to fix the pad. clothing can be used as an alternative to it.

Tweezers

They are a basic item in the kits. The help provider can use them to remove the debris or stingers found after insects like bees.

Disposable gloves

They are used to protect that person helping the injured from and blood viruses and diseases.

Ice bag

It is used to relieve bones, muscles, and joint injuries.

First aid manual

It will show the way of treating wounds, insect bites, eye injuries, and other conditions. Persons should pay attention to learning these instructions so that they can provide help during a disaster. They should also contact the doctor using the phone to ensure extra supplies and examination to the victim.

Alcohol swabs

They are used to sterilize the wounded area before applying antibiotics. They can also be used in sterilizing tweezers.

Antibiotic ointment packets

They are used to prevent infection. They should be applied after cleaning the wound.

Bandages

Adhesive bandages of different sizes must be found in the kit. Although the traditional bandages are the most used ones, there should be assorted size bandages.

Scissors

They are to help remove and change dressings. Blunt tip scissors are more preferable to avoid injuries during cutting.

Hydrocortisone cream

It is an essential medication that is applied to relieve itching, skin irritation, and inflammation.

Antihistamine

It is used to alleviate allergic reactions such as rashes.

Pain relievers

There should be either Aspirin-based on non-aspirin-based pain relievers to manage aches. Before giving any oral medications, it is a must to ask about the health history and if he is taking any other prescription drug.

Any expired drug should be discarded.

Thermometer

It is necessary for the household first aid to measure body temperature regularly.

Resealable plastic bags

They are used to make ice packs.

Diarrhea medication

Calamine lotion

It acts as a drying agent for poison ivy, oak sumac, and skin rash.

First aid blanket

It is beneficial in lessening heat loss caused by thermal radiation, water evaporation, and convection.

Resources

FIRST AID KIT

WOUND DRESSING

Written by  Dr/ Naglaa Moustafa

The oil and gas life cycle of upstream processing consists of five stages:

Exploration phase

Is about finding oil and gas fields. The main goal is to identify and deliver commercially viable field development opportunities.

The following geological and geophysical (G&G) activities would take place:

• Conduct seismic surveys.
• Process and interpret the seismic data and map the potential reservoir.
• Select exploration well locations.
• Drill and evaluate exploration well data.
• Core analysis to establish porosity and permeability.
• Logging data to determine porosity, water, and hydrocarbon saturation.
• Production test data to determine flow rates and maximum production potential.
• Build a computer model of the reservoir and identify and where possible remove major uncertainties by further data analysis, seismic reprocessing, etc.

Appraisal phase

The objective of Appraisal is to obtain information about the reservoir in order to make a decision whether or not to proceed with the development of the field.

This stage comprises the following activities:

• Reprocessing existing seismic data to obtain enhanced results.
• Drilling of appraisal wells.
• Evaluation of the results from the seismic and appraisal drilling activities.
• Using the information from the seismic and drilling programs to update the computer reservoir simulation models.
• Conduct initial conceptual field development planning and study of these conceptual plans.

Development phase

Now we’ve determined the size of the oil field, the geologists, geophysicists, and reservoir engineers must put their heads together and plan the location for the development wells.

The object, at this stage, is to get the maximum amount of oil out of the ground with the minimum number of wells.

Production phase

Is targeted at bringing the well fluids to the surface and preparing them for use in refinery or processing plants.

 The main activities consist of the following:

• Regulate production and injection to meet approved plans for the quantity and quality of the product.
• Monitor and record all information to manage the reservoir, wells, and facilities.
• Plan and schedule all production and maintenance activities to minimize production operating costs. 

Abandonment phase

The end of the life of the field is when it is no longer economic for the operator to continue production.

The major activities during the decommissioning phase are:

• Plug and abandon wells by putting cement plugs into the well and removing the well-head.
• Ensuring that there is no contamination of the environment from any oil or waste material remaining in the process facilities.
• Restore the site to its original condition.

Written by/ SkillsSer Editors Team

Drilling fluids are fluids that are used during the drilling of subterranean wells. They provide primary well control of subsurface pressures by a combination of density and any additional pressure acting on the fluid column (annular or surface imposed). They are most often circulated down the drill string, out the bit, and back up the annulus to the surface so that drill cuttings are removed from the wellbore.

Functions of Fluids

• To remove the cuttings from the bottom of the hole and carry them to the surface.
• To transmit hydraulic horsepower to the drill bit.
• To cool and lubricate the drill string and bit.
• To exert sufficient hydrostatic pressure to control fluids encountered in formations penetrated.

*To minimize settling of cuttings and weight material in suspension when circulation is temporarily stopped. The mud, however, should have properties that allow the cuttings to settle in the surface system.

• To support and protect the walls of the hole.
• To reduce to a minimum any harm to the formations penetrated.
• To ensure maximum information about the formations penetrated.

Test and Mud Properties

Various properties of the mud are measured as an indication of the performance of the mud in the hole.

This stage comprises the following activities:

Density Or Mud Weight

Density Or Mud Weight affords a measure of the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column.

Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of a drilling fluid.

Plastic Viscosity

The Plastic Viscosity depends mainly on the friction between solids and the liquid.

Yield Point

Yield Point is a measure of the attractive forces between active clay particles in the mud under flowing conditions.

Gel Strength

Gel Strength is a measure of the attractive forces of suspended particles in a liquid when that liquid is in a static state.

Filtration

The filtration test is a relative measure of liquid filtered into a permeable formation and of the cake left on the formation.

Sand Content

Sand Content is measured because sand is abrasive to the equipment that comes in contact with the mud and sand may cause trouble by setting in the hole or by increasing the mud weight.

Solids, Oil, And Water Content

Solids, Oil, And Water Content are measured not only as a basis for the control of the oil content of emulsion muds but also as an aid in the control of the performance of the mud.

Chemical Tests

Chemical Tests are made on the mud and filtrate as an aid in the identification of contaminants and in control of mud properties.

Types of Drilling Fluids

Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Oil-Based Muds

a- Invert Oil Mud

b- Relaxed Invert Oil Mud

Additives For Drilling Fluids

• Fresh Water, Low pH
• Brackish Water, Low Ph
• Gyp Treated, Low Ph
• Lime Treated, High Ph
• Fresh Water High Ph
• Low Solids
• Emulsions
• Oil-In-Water.
• Water-In-Oil
• Oil Muds
• Air, Gas, Mist
• Foam

The term “personal protective equipment” (PPE) refers to a group of products (e.g. safety helmets, safety footwear and harnesses, eye protection, gloves, high-visibility clothing, etc.) designed with the aim to protect users against low-, medium- and high-level hazards.

There are eight types of personal protective equipment critical for the defense of users against hazards.

Head protection

It’s will help you avoid any harm that may come to you from falling materials or swinging objects. Moreover, the head protectors are designed to protect you from knocking against stationary objects.

Head Personal Protective Equipment e.g., Helmets; Hard hats; Bump Caps; Guards.

Activities related: Oil and gas works location, construction, work in tunnels, driving motorcycles.

Hand protection

Potential hazards to hands and arms include skin absorption of chemical or biological hazards, chemical or thermal burns, electric shock, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures, or amputations.  Protective equipment includes gloves, finger guards, and arm coverings.

Examples of hand personal protective equipment e.g., Helmets; Hard hats; Bump Caps; Guards.: different types of work gloves and gauntlets; and wrist cuff arm nets.

Activities requiring hand personal protection equipment: construction and outdoor work; oil and gas works, chemicals and hazardous elements; manual handling of abrasive or sharp objects.

Eye and face protection

Selecting the most suitable eye and face protection should take into consideration the following elements:

• Ability to protect against specific workplace hazards
• Should fit properly and be reasonably comfortable to wear
• Should provide unrestricted vision and movement
• Should be durable and cleanable
• Should allow unrestricted functioning of any other required PPE

Injuries can be avoided simply by wearing the proper eye and face personal protection equipment. As examples of such PPE can be mentioned the following ones: Safety glasses and goggles; Eye and face shields; Eyewear accessories; Over specs; Visors.

Respiratory protection

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is a particular type of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), used to protect the individual wearer against the inhalation of hazardous substances in the workplace air.  Respiratory Protective Equipment like breathing apparatus, full face or half-mask respirators, powered respirators, protective hoods, disposal face masks, detectors, monitors, etc. Adequate training on how users should use the equipment is always required.

Hearing protection

People should wear a hearing protector if the noise or sound level they are exposed to is close to or greater than the occupational exposure limits (OEL) for noise. For most jurisdictions, this occupational exposure limit is 85 decibels (A-weighted) or dBA.

Examples of hearing protection equipment:

• Earplugs and defenders;
• Noise meters;
• Communications sets;
• Acoustic foam.

Foot protection

The foot protection equipment is designed to protect the feet and legs against various hazards, such as extreme temperatures, crushing, piercing, slipping, cutting, chemicals and electricity.

As examples of foot protection equipment can be pointed out following ones:

• Safety Boots and shoes;
• Anti-static and conductive footwear.

Body protection

Some jobs require full-body protection, while others require only special protective clothing for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury.

Examples of body protection equipment:

• Life jackets;
• Clothing for specific weather conditions;
• High-visibility clothing;
• Harnesses, and others.

Height and access protection

The height and access protection equipment must be inspected periodically by a competent person to ensure it is still fit for use and the health and safety of users is not threatened in any way.

As examples of height and access protection equipment can be mentioned in the following ones:

• Fall-arrest systems;
• Body harnesses;
• Lowering harnesses;
• Rescue lifting;
• Energy absorbers, and others.

Corporate Culture is essentially a set of shared values held within the company, and it provides an overarching framework for how a business operates, how decisions are made, and it can even shape:
1- Work culture. 
2- Driving the way staff interacts with customers.

And all companies – from small to large – should take an interest in culture because it can benefit the organization in a number of ways: These include nurturing a quality brand, forging an enviable company reputation, and increasing employees and customer loyalty. And culture can also play a key role in attracting and retaining high-quality employees, which further supports the success of the business.