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Rig volume calculation and capacity

Rig volume calculation and capacity

Rig volume calculation and capacity are very important to control the well by the mud volume while drilling and different rig operations so, you have to understand the basic concept of volume calculations to achieve this target.

Rectangular Tank Formula

Tank Volume = L X W X H = —- ftᶾ

Where:Rig volume calculation and capacity

L = Length (ft)

W = Width (ft)

H = Hight (ft)

Note: use constant of (5.61) to convert cubic feet to barrels.

It’s used to calculate the mud tank capacity and the mud volume inside it.

A mud tank:

Is an open-top container, typically made of square steel tube and steel plate, to store drilling fluid on a drilling rig. They are also called mud pits.

Mud tanks have different types of shapes depending on clients demands, such as rectangular shape tanks.

Example:Rig volume calculation and capacity

Calculate the tank volume by bbls for the below tank dimension:

L = 15 ft, W = 12 ft, H = 10 ft

Answer:

Volume (bbls)= (L x W x h)/5.61 (const.) = (15 x 12 x 10) / 5.61 = 321 bbls

Cylinder shape volume:Rig volume calculation and capacity

Volume of cylinder = Area of Base X Hight

                                   = 0.7854 (D/12) ² X H = —-   ftᶾ

Where: D = Base Diameter, H= Hight

Volume of cylinder by bbls. = (D² / 1029.4) X H (ft) = — bbls.

To define how many barrels could be held by the cylinder we use the term (Capacity) instead of the term (volume).

It’s used to calculate the Internal capacity for the drill string or the Well capacity. Also, the main purpose of calculating the internal capacities while the operation is to fill up the kill sheet in case you are the one who is considered with killing a detected kick by the Wait and Weight method or Driller’s one.

Annular capacity:Rig volume calculation and capacity

Annular Capacity = (D²/1029.4) – (d²/1029.4) = — bbls/ft.

Where: D = The hole diameter. & d = drill pipe outer diameter

Metal Displacement:

Metal Displacement = (OD – ID) ²/1029.4 = —- bbls/ft.

In rig mathematics, we calculate the number of barrels needed to fill the hole during the operation to monitor the flow in and flow out of the hole.

According to the annular capacity varieties, we define how many barrels we pump or discharge from the hole to increase or deduct one psi of pressure/foot.

Example:Rig volume calculation and capacity

Calculate the metal displacement of DP of 6 5/8-inch OD and 5.965-inch ID then calculate the total steel displacement for one pipe of 30-foot length.

Answer:

Steel displacement of one foot = (6.6252-5.9652)/1029.4 = 0.0083 bbls/ft

Total displacement for one pipe = 0.00853*30= 0.24 bbls.

Why is the metal displacement calculation important in the rig?

Because we need to calculate the amount of volume of mud in barrels which compensates the metal displacement either in tripping drill equipment in, or pulling them out of the hole.

Lag time Calculations:

Some definition:Rig volume calculation and capacity

Lag Time: is the time in which the mud takes to travel inside the hole between two specified depth points.

Lag In: The time taken between the surface to the bottom of the hole.

“Lag-up” or “Bottoms ‘up”: The time taken between the bottom of the hole to the surface.

Complete cycle: The time taken from the surface to surface.

Measured Depth (M.D): Drilled measured depth.

True Vertical Depth (T.V.D): Drilled True Vertical Depth.

Rig volume calculation and capacity

Where: P.O.P = Pump out put, and SPM = Stroke per minute

Hydraulic Fracturing Capsule

Hydraulic Fracturing Capsule

Hydraulic fracturing informally referred to as “fracking,” is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations. A similar technique is used to create improved permeability in underground geothermal reservoirs.

Advantages of Fracking

1- It provides us with cleaner energy access.
2. It has encouraged clean-capture technologies.
3. It is not as dangerous as it may appear.
4. It does not affect groundwater.
5. It does not use as much water as other forms of energy.Hydraulic Fracturing
6. It reduces domestic reliance on foreign energy products
7. It is a major jobs creator.

Disadvantages of Fracking

1. Hydraulic fracturing encourages us to use fuels that are finite.
2. It may produce ozone.
3. Hydraulic fracturing may provide us with unknown long-term consequences.
4. Hydraulic fracturing encourages us to consume more fossil fuels.
5. Hydraulic fracturing is a leading contributor of methane in our atmosphere.
6. Hydraulic fracturing puts unknown chemicals into the ground.
7. Hydraulic fracturing may cause earthquakes.
8. Hydraulic fracturing changes property ownership standards.
9. Hydraulic fracturing prevents innovation in other industries.
10. Hydraulic fracturing requires water, which could be used in other ways.

Fracturing additives

ADDITIVE TYPE

DESCRIPTION OF PURPOSE

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICALS
Proppant “Props” open fractures and allow gas/fluids to flow more freely to the wellbore. Sand [Sintered bauxite; zirconium oxide; ceramic beads]
Acid Cleans up perforation intervals of cement and drilling mud prior to fracturing fluid injection, and provides the accessible path to formation. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 3% to 28%) or muriatic acid
Breaker Reduces the viscosity of the fluid in order to release proppant into fractures and enhance the recovery of the fracturing fluid. Peroxydisulfates
Bactericide / Biocide Inhibits the growth of organisms that could produce gases (particularly hydrogen sulfide) that could contaminate methane gas. Also prevents the growth of bacteria which can reduce the ability of the fluid to carry proppant into the fractures. Glutaraldehyde;
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,2-propanediol
Buffer /

PH Adjusting Agent

Adjusts and controls the pH of the fluid in order to maximize the effectiveness of other additives such as crosslinkers. Sodium or potassium carbonate; acetic acid
Clay Stabilizer / Control Prevents swelling and migration of formation clays which could block pore spaces thereby reducing permeability. Salts (e.g., tetramethyl ammonium chloride) [Potassium chloride]
Corrosion Inhibitor Reduces rust formation on steel tubing, well casings, tools, and tanks (used only in fracturing fluids that contain acid). Methanol; ammonium bisulfate for Oxygen Scavengers
Crosslinker The fluid viscosity is increased using phosphate esters combined with metals. The metals are referred to as crosslinking agents. The increased fracturing fluid viscosity allows the fluid to carry more proppant into the fractures. Potassium hydroxide; borate salts
Friction Reducer Allows fracture fluids to be injected at optimum rates and pressures by minimizing friction. Sodium acrylate-acrylamide copolymer;
polyacrylamide (PAM); petroleum distillates
Gelling Agent Increases fracturing fluid viscosity, allowing the fluid to carry more proppant into the fractures. Guar gum; petroleum distillate
Iron Control Prevents the precipitation of carbonates and sulfates (calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate) which could plug off the formation. Ammonium chloride; ethylene glycol; polyacrylate
Solvent An additive that is soluble in oil, water & acid-based treatment Various aromatic
  Fluids are used to control the wettability of contact surfaces or to prevent or break emulsions. hydrocarbons
Surfactant Reduces fracturing fluid surface tension thereby aiding fluid recovery. Methanol; isopropanol; ethoxylated alcohol

Potential environmental impacts

The actual practice of fracking is only a small part of the overall process of drilling, completing, and producing an oil and gas well. However, since fracking involves injecting a chemical solution into the ground to free up oil and gas resources, there are some potential environmental impacts related to this process. These include:

• spills of chemicals at the surface
• surface-water-quality degradation from waste fluid disposal
• groundwater quality contamination
• induced seismicity from the injection of waste fluids into deep disposal wells

Mud Logging Data Acquisition

Mud Logging Data Acquisition

Some of the best tips for oil and gas well drilling experts:

“Listening and listening well well during drilling reduces a large proportion of the associated and expected problems”

Mud Logging is one of the most significant strategies for listening to wells during various drilling operations since it is regarded as the black box for all that goes on and happens from various operations.

It collects rock samples and drilling products that come to the surface and precisely captures all data and operations to build a complete detailed record of everything that happens in the subsurface.

Mud Logging Definition

Mud logging: is a service that qualitatively and quantitatively obtains data from, and makes observations of,

1- Drilled rocks,

2- Drilling fluids and

3- Drilling parameters

 The mud logging unit is the information center on the rig site to serve both exploration and drilling departments.

Mud Logging General Purposes

Mud logging has many basic goals: it identifies potentially productive hydrocarbon-bearing formations, it identifies marker or correlatability geological formations, and it provides data to the driller that allows for safe and cost-effective operations. The following are some of the actions taken to achieve these goals:

  • Drill cuttings are being collected.
  • Describe the cuts in detail.
  • Interpreting the described cuttings (lithology).
  • Estimating drilled formation parameters such as porosity and permeability.
  • Maintaining and monitoring sensing equipment linked to drilling and safety.Mud Logging Data Acquisition
  • Calculating the drilled formation’s pore pressure.
  • Hydrocarbons released from drilled formations are collected, monitored, and evaluated.
  • evaluating the production potential of hydrocarbon-bearing formations
  • Keeping track of the drilling parameters.

Mud Logging Equipment

A- Drilled rocks tools

  • Sample bags, envelopes, and containers.Mud Logging Data Acquisition
  • Sieve and Scoops.
  • Scientific Microscope.
  • Sample trays, cut test dishes, probes, tweezers.
  • Electric Oven.
  • Ultraviolet lightbox.
  •  Testing chemicals in dropping bottles.
  • Calcimeter.

B- Drilling fluid sensors

  • Mud Pits Level sensor
  • Mud Weight (density) & Temperature in and out from the hole.
  • Mud conductivity (resistivity) in and out from the hole.
  • Mud Pump speed.mud-logging-sensors
  • Mud Flow Rate.
  • Gas Detectors
  • Hydrocarbon Analyzer.

C- Drilling Parameters sensors

  • Hook-load.
  • Standpipe pressure & Casing pressure.
  • Draw work Sensor ( Depth Counter) – (ROP).
  • Rotary torque.

D- Other Tools

  • Computers
  • Printers
  • Stationary tools.
  • Cleaning tools.
  • Safety equipment.

Mud Logging Unit Crew

MUD LOGGING UNIT CAPTAIN

The Unit captain is the senior mud logging engineer on the location. He has primary responsibility for the maintenance, management, and provision of service by the logging unit, its equipment, and personnel to the client.

MUD LOGGER

He is responsible for the maintenance and correct operation of the equipment supplied to provide the service. He is responsible for the collation and presentation of the information monitored in accordance with company standard procedures and customer requirements to ensure a high-quality service.

SAMPLE CATCHER

Wash and screen samples, divide them into correct portions and pack them by sets for the Client, partners, and trade.

The Mud Log

Information gathered by the mud logging crew is first recorded on the datasheet and then plotted onto a mud log form.

Mud Logging Data Acquisition

Each mudlogger is responsible for plotting the data acquired during his shift.

The mud log must be recorded in a standard format to allow valid correlation from well to well this standard format is called (Mud Log Form)

Resources

Mud logging

Mud Logging Services